> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.stakingrewards.com/staking-data/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.stakingrewards.com/staking-data/methodologies/klever-srb.md).

# Klever SRB

Learn how Klever staking rewards are calculated. KLVSRB formula covers block rewards, staking rewards, bandwidth fees, and KLV token emissions.

KLVSRB is a benchmark representing the mean, annualized staking rate across all active Klever validators.

KLVSRB is calculated and published by Staking Rewards via the [Klever Profile](https://www.stakingrewards.com/asset/klever) and [Data API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api).

> **TL;DR:** Klever staking rewards combine block rewards plus staking rewards (annualized from \~4s block time) with 50% of network bandwidth fees. The total is divided by all staked KLV tokens.

$$
KLVSRB = ((br + sr) \* t\_y / bt + bf \* 0.5 \* 365) / st
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="141">Formula key</th><th width="176">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>br</td><td>Block Reward</td><td>The average block reward in KLV, sampled from recent blocks.</td></tr><tr><td>sr</td><td>Staking Rewards</td><td>The average staking rewards per block in KLV, sampled from recent blocks.</td></tr><tr><td><span class="math">t_y</span></td><td>Seconds Per Year</td><td>31,536,000 (365 * 86,400)</td></tr><tr><td>bt</td><td>Block Time</td><td>The slot duration in seconds (~4 seconds).</td></tr><tr><td>bf</td><td>Bandwidth Fee</td><td>The average daily transaction fees in KLV, with 50% allocated to stakers.</td></tr><tr><td>st</td><td>Staked Tokens</td><td>The total number of KLV tokens staked across all validators.</td></tr></tbody></table>

* KLVSRB takes into account all accumulated rewards, whether they have been claimed or remain unclaimed.
* KLVSRB operates on a non-compounded basis, meaning it excludes returns generated from the reinvestment of rewards.
* Stakers receive 50% of network bandwidth fees in addition to block and staking rewards.

#### Slashing

{% hint style="info" %}
Klever does not implement slashing for delegators. Validators may be jailed for poor performance, but delegated tokens are not at risk of being slashed.
{% endhint %}

***

### Klever Validator Staking Rewards Rate: KLVSRB(v) <a href="#klever-validator-staking-rewards-rate-klvsrb-v" id="klever-validator-staking-rewards-rate-klvsrb-v"></a>

Staking Rewards calculates the KLVSRB for each validator based on their individual commission rate and performance.

$$
KLVSRB(v) = (1 - cr) \* ((bf \* 0.5 + sr \* (t\_d / bt) + p \* br \* (t\_d / bt)) \* 365) / st
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="129">Formula key</th><th width="176">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>cr</td><td>Commission Rate</td><td>The percentage commission rate the validator charges delegators.</td></tr><tr><td>p</td><td>Performance</td><td>The validator's block production success rate (successful / total attempts).</td></tr><tr><td>bf</td><td>Bandwidth Fee</td><td>Average daily bandwidth fees in KLV.</td></tr><tr><td>sr</td><td>Staking Rewards</td><td>Average staking rewards per block.</td></tr><tr><td><span class="math">t_d</span></td><td>Day Constant</td><td>86,400 seconds</td></tr><tr><td>bt</td><td>Block Time</td><td>Slot duration in seconds.</td></tr><tr><td>br</td><td>Block Reward</td><td>Average block reward in KLV.</td></tr><tr><td>st</td><td>Staked Tokens</td><td>Total staked tokens across the network.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Active validators (elected) earn block rewards proportional to their performance, while waiting or inactive validators earn only staking rewards.

***

**Observation Period:**

1. KLVSRB is determined based on the latest blocks and daily statistics at the point of evaluation. Bandwidth fees (bf), burned fees and kApps fees are daily means over the complete UTC days in the 10-day statistics window, normally the last 10 (11 just after 00:00 UTC, before the current day's row exists); the current, partial UTC day is excluded.
2. This data is then annualized for a comprehensive year-long projection.

**Calculation**

The calculation happens every 2 hours and is immediately published via [Data API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api).

**Limitations**

* KLVSRB employs a 365-day convention for annualizing rewards. This convention remains consistent and does not accommodate adjustments for leap years.
* Block reward and staking reward values are averaged from a recent sample of blocks and may vary over time.
* Individual validator returns depend on election status, performance, and commission.

***

### KLV Inflation Rate

$$
ir = ((br + sr) \* t\_y / bt - burned \* 365) / cs
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="141">Formula key</th><th width="176">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>br</td><td>Block Reward</td><td>Average block reward per block.</td></tr><tr><td>sr</td><td>Staking Rewards</td><td>Average staking rewards per block.</td></tr><tr><td><span class="math">t_y</span></td><td>Seconds Per Year</td><td>31,536,000</td></tr><tr><td>bt</td><td>Block Time</td><td>Slot duration in seconds.</td></tr><tr><td>burned</td><td>Burned Fees</td><td>Average daily burned KLV tokens: the burned share of transaction fees plus rewards left unclaimed for more than 100 epochs (<code>MaxEpochsUnclaimed</code>), which the protocol burns. The unclaimed-reward burn is the larger part (about 79% of daily burns as of 09/2026).</td></tr><tr><td>cs</td><td>Circulating Supply</td><td>The total number of KLV tokens in circulation.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Klever's net inflation accounts for all token burns (transaction-fee burns and expired unclaimed rewards), reducing effective inflation below the gross emission rate.

***

### KLV Real Reward Rate (KLVSRB^R) <a href="#klv-real-reward-rate-klvsrb-r" id="klv-real-reward-rate-klvsrb-r"></a>

The real reward rate calculates the KLVSRB adjusted for inflation in the network.

$$
KLVSRB^R = (1+KLVSRB) /(1+i)-1
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="150.33333333333331">Formula key</th><th width="265">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>i</td><td>Inflation Rate</td><td>The net annual inflation rate of the KLV token supply, accounting for block rewards, staking rewards, and fee burns.</td></tr></tbody></table>

**Inflation Rate Behaviour**

Klever's inflation is driven by block rewards and staking rewards emitted per block, offset by token burns from transaction fees and from rewards left unclaimed past 100 epochs. As more KLV is burned, the net inflation rate decreases. The block time of approximately 4 seconds determines the emission cadence.

***

### Other Klever metrics calculated by Staking Rewards:

<table><thead><tr><th width="190">Metric</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Delegated Tokens</td><td>The number of KLV tokens delegated to validators by external delegators.</td></tr><tr><td>Self Staked Tokens</td><td>The number of KLV tokens staked by validators directly from their own balance.</td></tr><tr><td>Staking Wallets</td><td>The total number of unique delegations on-chain.</td></tr><tr><td>Minimum Stake</td><td>The minimum KLV amount per frozen bucket (<code>MinKLVBucketAmount</code>, 1,000 KLV), read live from the network parameters. It is enforced by consensus on every KLV freeze, and a delegation assigns an existing frozen bucket, so it applies to delegators as well as validators.</td></tr><tr><td>Lockup Time</td><td><code>minEpochsToUnstake * epochTime</code>: the committed term after a freeze before an unfreeze can be requested (1 epoch, 21,600 seconds at 5,400 slots of 4 seconds). Read live from the KLV staking configuration.</td></tr><tr><td>Unstaking Time</td><td><code>minEpochsToWithdraw * epochTime</code>: the time after an unfreeze before the KLV can be withdrawn (2 epochs, 43,200 seconds). Read live from the KLV staking configuration.</td></tr><tr><td>kApps Fees</td><td>The average daily kApp fees in KLV (<code>totalKappsFees</code> from the daily network statistics): the fixed kApp fee each contract operation pays on top of bandwidth (for example 1 KLV each for freeze, delegate, unfreeze, withdraw and claim). It is reported separately from Burned Fees.</td></tr></tbody></table>

***

#### Data Sources:

* Klever Mainnet API (`api.mainnet.klever.org`) for block rewards, staking rewards, validator data, and network statistics
* CoinGecko (price, circulating supply, total supply)

***

#### References:

* <https://klever.org/>
* <https://docs.klever.finance/>

***

:books: [Learn more about KLV Staking](https://www.stakingrewards.com/asset/klever)

:bar\_chart: [Calculate your KLV Staking Rewards](https://www.stakingrewards.com/calculator?asset=klever)

:gear: [Access historic Klever Staking Data via API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api)

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Last updated on 10/23/2026
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