> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.stakingrewards.com/staking-data/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.stakingrewards.com/staking-data/methodologies/casper-network-srb.md).

# Casper Network SRB

Learn how Casper Network staking rewards are calculated. CSPRSRB covers the 8% seigniorage issuance, the 6/8 staker share introduced by Governance Vote #008, staking ratio, and validator performance a

CSPRSRB is a benchmark representing the mean, annualized staking rate across all active Casper Network validators.

CSPRSRB is calculated and published by Staking Rewards via the [Casper Profile](https://www.stakingrewards.com/asset/casper-network) and [Data API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api).

> **TL;DR:** Casper mints new CSPR every consensus round at a fixed seigniorage rate, targeting 8% annual supply growth. Since Governance Vote #008 (March 2026), only 6 of those 8 percentage points are paid to validators and delegators — the remaining 2 fund ecosystem development. CSPRSRB is that 6% staker issuance divided by the share of total supply that is staked, then adjusted per validator for performance and commission.

$$
CSPRSRB = sr / (st / ts)
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="141">Formula key</th><th width="158">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>sr</td><td>Staking Rewards Issuance</td><td>The fraction of total supply minted and distributed to validators and delegators per year. Currently <strong>6%</strong> — see Seigniorage and the 6/8 Staker Share below.</td></tr><tr><td>st</td><td>Staked Tokens</td><td>The total number of CSPR bonded with the active validator set for the current era, as reported by the auction contract.</td></tr><tr><td>ts</td><td>Total Supply</td><td>The total supply of CSPR minted. Seigniorage is levied on total supply, so total supply — not circulating supply — is the correct denominator here.</td></tr></tbody></table>

* CSPRSRB takes into account all accumulated rewards, whether they have been claimed or remain unclaimed.
* CSPRSRB operates on a non-compounded basis, meaning it excludes returns generated from the reinvestment of rewards.
* CSPRSRB is based on an assumption of 100% validator efficiency. For a reward rate adjusted according to individual validator performance, refer to CSPRSRB(v).
* Only the **active** era stake is counted. Bids that are submitted but not in the active validator set earn nothing and are excluded from `st`.

***

#### Seigniorage and the 6/8 Staker Share

Casper does not pay validators from transaction fees. New CSPR is minted every consensus round at the protocol's `round_seigniorage_rate`, applied to total supply. With the mainnet chainspec values `round_seigniorage_rate = 11/563,427,926` and `minimum_block_time = 8,000 ms`:

$$
rounds\_{year} = 31{,}536{,}000{,}000 / 8{,}000 = 3{,}942{,}000
$$

$$
ir = (1 + 11/563{,}427{,}926)^{3{,}942{,}000} - 1 \approx 0.08
$$

Total issuance is therefore 8% of total supply per year.

**Governance Vote #008**, activated at protocol version 2.2.0 on **23 March 2026 (era 21742)**, introduced a `sustain` rewards-handling parameter with ratio `[2,8]`. This diverts 2 of the 8 percentage points into an ecosystem purse and pays the remaining 6 to validators and delegators:

$$
sr = ir \times (1 - 2/8) = 0.08 \times 0.75 = 0.06
$$

Critically, this is a **carve-out, not an addition** — total supply still grows at 8% per year. Stakers' share of that growth fell from 8/8 to 6/8. Before 23 March 2026, `sr` equalled the full 8%.

The same vote also authorised a one-time 33% recapitalization issuance, the majority of which was locked and staked with an unlock schedule over two years.

#### Transaction Fees

Casper **burns 100% of transaction fees** (`fee_handling = burn`, on mainnet since protocol 2.1.1 in December 2025). A block proposer receives a non-monetary validator credit that improves its odds of winning future slots, but no token income. Validator revenue on Casper is therefore **entirely seigniorage**, and CSPRSRB contains no fee term.

#### Slashing

1. CSPRSRB does not factor in the possibility of slashing occurrences.
2. Slashing is not currently enabled on the Casper Network. A validator that behaves poorly faces eviction from the active set and the loss of rewards for the eviction period, but not the removal of tokens. If slashing is enabled in a future upgrade, poor behaviour will result in token removal.

***

### Casper Validator Staking Reward Rate: CSPRSRB(v)

Staking Rewards calculates the CSPRSRB for each validator based on its individual performance and commission rate.

$$
CSPRSRB(v) = CSPRSRB \times p \times (1 - cr)
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="129">Formula key</th><th width="176">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>Performance</td><td>The validator's average performance score for the era, expressed as a fraction — the proportion of its expected consensus duties successfully completed.</td></tr><tr><td>cr</td><td>Commission Rate</td><td>The commission the validator has set as a delegation fee, retained before rewards are distributed to delegators.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Where a validator has no published performance score, the rate is adjusted for commission alone.

***

#### Observation Period:

1. The CSPRSRB is determined based on the latest completed era and the latest generated block at the point of evaluation.
2. This data is then annualized for a comprehensive year-long projection.

#### Calculation

The calculation happens every 2 hours and is immediately published via [Data API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api).

#### Limitations

1. CSPRSRB employs a 365-day convention for annualizing issuance. This convention remains consistent and does not accommodate adjustments for leap years.
2. CSPRSRB excludes the 2% ecosystem sustain allocation, which is minted but not paid to stakers.
3. CSPRSRB excludes rewards accrued from Interchain/Replicated Security.
4. CSPRSRB does not guarantee the reward rate of any individual validator.

***

### CSPR Real Reward Rate: CSPRSRB^R

The real reward rate calculates the CSPRSRB adjusted for inflation in the network.

$$
CSPRSRB^R = (1 + CSPRSRB) / (1 + ir) - 1
$$

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="150">Formula key</th><th width="265">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ir</td><td>Inflation Rate</td><td>The annual growth in total CSPR supply from seigniorage — <strong>8%</strong>, the full issuance including the 2% ecosystem allocation.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Inflation Rate Behavior

Casper's inflation is a protocol constant rather than a governance-variable emission schedule: the `round_seigniorage_rate` in the chainspec targets 8% annual growth of total supply, and it is applied to total supply on every consensus round, so issuance compounds with the supply it inflates.

Note that the correct deflator is the **full 8%**, not the 6% paid to stakers. Governance Vote #008 redirected part of the issuance away from stakers but did not reduce the rate at which supply grows, so a CSPR holder is diluted at the same pace as before while stakers are compensated at three-quarters of the previous rate. The 2026 change therefore reduced the real reward rate by more than it reduced the nominal one.

The one-time 33% recapitalization issuance in March 2026 is a step change in supply rather than a change to the ongoing rate, and is not annualized into `ir`.

***

### Other Casper Network metrics calculated by Staking Rewards:

<table data-full-width="false"><thead><tr><th width="212.99999999999994">Metric</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Delegated Tokens</td><td>The number of CSPR delegated to validators, derived as each validator's total stake less its self stake.</td></tr><tr><td>Self Staked Tokens</td><td>The number of CSPR staked by validators directly through their own bid.</td></tr><tr><td>Staking Wallets</td><td>The total quantity of distinct delegations made. It does not distinguish based on unique delegator addresses and excludes considerations of any minimum delegation thresholds.</td></tr><tr><td>Benchmark Commission</td><td>The stake-weighted average commission rate across active validators.</td></tr><tr><td>Total / Active / Inactive Validators</td><td>The number of submitted bids in total, those in the active validator set for the current era, and those outside it. Only active validators earn rewards.</td></tr><tr><td>Block Height</td><td>The latest block height on the Casper mainnet.</td></tr><tr><td>Block Time</td><td>The average interval between blocks, measured across the most recent blocks. Casper's minimum block time is 8 seconds, halved from 16.384 seconds in December 2025.</td></tr><tr><td>Lockup Time</td><td>The commitment period before a delegator can request an undelegation. Casper has none, so this is 0 seconds.</td></tr><tr><td>Unstaking Time</td><td>The unbonding period after requesting an undelegation before CSPR becomes liquid. Set by the chainspec <code>unbonding_delay</code> of 7 eras at a 120-minute era duration — 50,400 seconds (14 hours). A user's wall-clock wait is this plus the remainder of the era in which the request is processed.</td></tr></tbody></table>

***

#### Data Sources:

* [Staking Rewards](https://www.stakingrewards.com/) from the Casper Network auction and validator APIs, and indexed Casper Network RPC endpoints
* Casper Network chainspec for seigniorage, unbonding and fee-handling parameters
* CoinGecko for price data

***

#### References:

* <https://docs.casper.network/concepts/economics>
* <https://docs.casper.network/concepts/economics/staking>
* <https://docs.casper.network/users/delegating>
* <https://www.casper.network/news/governance-vote-008-passes-securing-validator-economics-and-network-sustainability>
* <https://www.casper.network/news/casper-2-2-0-goes-live-on-mainnet>

***

:books: [Learn more about CSPR Staking](https://www.stakingrewards.com/asset/casper-network)

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:gear: [Access historic Casper Network Staking Data via API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api)

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Last updated on 09/23/2026
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