> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.stakingrewards.com/staking-data/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.stakingrewards.com/staking-data/methodologies/cosmos-ecosystem-srb/cosmos-hub-srb.md).

# Cosmos Hub SRB

Learn how Cosmos Hub staking rewards are calculated. ATOMSRB formula covers annual provisions, daily fees, community tax, staked tokens, and block time adjustment.

ATOMSRB is a benchmark representing the mean, annualized staking rate across all active Cosmos validators.

ATOMSRB is calculated and published by Staking Rewards via the [Cosmos Profile](https://www.stakingrewards.com/asset/cosmos) and [Data API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api).

> **TL;DR:** Cosmos Hub staking rewards equal annual provisions plus annualized daily fees, minus community tax, divided by total staked ATOM. The methodology adjusts for actual vs expected block time to reflect true inflation. This formula is the reference for all Cosmos SDK chains.

{% hint style="info" %}
Other assets utilizing Cosmos SDK, which Staking Rewards integrate, reference ATOMSRB for reward rate calculations. Some assets might introduce proprietary changes or include additional parameters. The differences are mentioned for calculations involving extra or modified variables.
{% endhint %}

***

### ATOM Staking Rewards Rate: ATOMSRB

$$
ATOMSRB = (ap + df \* t\_y) \* (1 - ct) / st
$$

<table><thead><tr><th width="145">Formula Key</th><th width="169">Metric Name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ap</td><td>Annual Provisions</td><td>The total amount of tokens emitted per year.</td></tr><tr><td>df</td><td>Daily Fees</td><td>The total number of tokens paid as transaction fees.</td></tr><tr><td>ct</td><td>Community Tax</td><td>Community Tax is the percentage of inflation rewards and fees that are sent to the community pool at each block.</td></tr><tr><td>st</td><td>Staked Tokens</td><td>The total number of tokens bonded with active, non-jailed validators.</td></tr><tr><td><span class="math">t_y</span></td><td>Year Constant</td><td>365d</td></tr></tbody></table>

* ATOMSRB takes into account all accumulated rewards, whether they have been claimed or remain unclaimed.
* ATOMSRB operates on a non-compounded basis, meaning it excludes returns generated from the reinvestment of rewards.
* ATOMSRB is based on an assumption of 100% validator efficiency. For a SRB Reward Rate adjusted according to individual validator performance, please refer to ATOMSRB(v).

#### Slashing

* ATOMSRB does not factor in the possibility of slashing occurrences.
* It's important to note that if validator entities face slashing, rewards will increase, as the slashed tokens are reallocated among validators.

#### Expected vs. Actual Block Time

* The inflation metrics retrieved from RPC endpoints may not depict the genuine inflation rate. This discrepancy arises because the actual block time differs from the protocol's targeted time (`blocks_per_year`). On Cosmos Hub, blocks are currently quicker than the target; on some Cosmos SDK chains they are slower.
* The difference between expected and actual block time influences the annual provisions which affects rewards.
* When blocks are quicker than the target, more blocks are generated annually, leading to increased inflation; when they are slower, fewer blocks are generated and inflation is lower than the nominal figure.
* The ATOMSRB methodology adjusts for this variation, prioritizing the actual block time over the anticipated block time to determine accurate inflation and reward rates.

#### Observation Period

* The ATOMSRB is determined based on the latest generated block at the point of evaluation.
* This data is then annualized for a comprehensive year-long projection.

#### Calculation

* The calculation happens every 2 hours and is immediately published via [Data API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api).

#### Limitations

* ATOMSRB excludes rewards accrued from Interchain/Replicated Security.
* ATOMSRB employs a 365-day convention for annualizing current block provisions and daily fees. This convention remains consistent and does not accommodate adjustments for leap years.

***

### ATOM Validator Staking Rewards Rate: ATOMSRB(v)

Staking Rewards calculates the ATOMSRB for each validator based on their individual performance and commission rate.

$$
ATOMSRB(v) = ATOMSRB \* (1*p)*(1-cr)
$$

<table><thead><tr><th width="147">Formula key</th><th width="165">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>p</td><td>Performance</td><td>The percentage of successfully validated blocks over the last 10,000 assigned blocks for this validator.</td></tr><tr><td>cr</td><td>Commission Rate</td><td>The percentage commission rate the validator has set as a delegation fee for all delegators.</td></tr></tbody></table>

***

### ATOM Real Reward Rate: ATOMSRB^R

The real reward rate calculates the ATOMSRB adjusted for inflation in the network.

$$
ATOMSRB^R = 1+ATOMSRB /(1+ir)-1
$$

<table><thead><tr><th width="147">Formula key</th><th width="148">Metric name</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>ir</td><td>Inflation Rate</td><td>The annual provisions are adjusted by the average actual block time of the last 30 days and divided by the total supply in the network.</td></tr></tbody></table>

#### Inflation Rate Behavior

* The nominal inflation rate is set by the Cosmos SDK `mint` module. It moves up when the bonded ratio is below the goal (67%) and down when it is above it, at a maximum rate change of 100% per year (`inflation_rate_change` = 1.0).
* The nominal inflation rate is bounded between 7% (`inflation_min`) and 10% (`inflation_max`). These bounds are governance parameters and can change. The calculation does not depend on them: annual provisions are read live from the chain.
* As of 10/07/2026 the bonded ratio is below 67%, so nominal inflation sits at the 10% cap.
* Because blocks are produced faster than the `blocks_per_year` target, realised issuance is higher than the nominal rate: about 12.7% of supply per year as of 10/07/2026. This is the block-time adjustment described above.

***

### Other Cosmos Hub metrics calculated by Staking Rewards

<table><thead><tr><th width="188">Metric</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Fee Revenue</td><td>The Fee Revenue reflects the annualized transaction fees, derived from the fees accumulated within the last 24 hours, evaluated at the prevailing USD rate.</td></tr><tr><td>Delegated Tokens</td><td>The number of tokens delegated to validators.</td></tr><tr><td>Self Staked Tokens</td><td>The number of tokens staked by validators directly.</td></tr><tr><td>Staking Wallets</td><td>This metric refers to the number of unique delegator addresses with at least one delegation on-chain. An address delegating to several validators is counted once. It excludes considerations of any minimum delegation thresholds.</td></tr></tbody></table>

***

#### Data Sources:

* [Staking Rewards](https://www.stakingrewards.com/) from indexed Cosmos Blocks and Blockchain RPC Endpoints

***

#### References:

* <https://docs.cosmos.network/main>

***

📚[ Learn more about ATOM Staking](https://www.stakingrewards.com/asset/cosmos)

📊 [Calculate your ATOM Staking Rewards](https://www.stakingrewards.com/calculator?asset=cosmos)

⚙️ [Access historic Cosmos Staking Data via API](https://www.stakingrewards.com/data-api)

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Last updated on 10/07/2026
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