# Polkadot Pattern (Substrate) SRB

In the Substrate ecosystem, chains follow either a Nominated Proof of Stake (NPoS) or Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus model.

> **TL;DR:** Substrate chains use an era-based reward model. NPoS chains (Polkadot, Kusama, Avail) distribute rewards based on each validator's era points, while DPoS chains (Moonbeam, Moonriver) share collator block rewards with delegators. All use direct RPC access for on-chain data.

**NPoS chains** (Polkadot, Kusama, Avail, StaFi, Vara, zkVerify) use the Staking pallet where nominators back validators. At the end of an era, rewards are distributed according to each validator's share of the total era points.

**DPoS chains** (Moonbeam, Moonriver) use the ParachainStaking pallet where delegators back collators. Collators produce blocks on their respective parachains and share rewards with delegators.

**Compute-based chains** (Phala) use a custom model where stakers delegate to stake pools that bind compute workers. Rewards are tied to compute performance rather than block production.

All chains use `py-substrate-interface` for direct RPC access to on-chain staking data.


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